Thermal conductivity for stainless steel is 17 W/(m K) (from the table above). 36 It is easy to scale-up and offers stability for long-term operation of MFCs. The friction coefficient - λ - can be calculated by the Colebrooke Equation : 1 / λ 1/2 = -2,0 log 10 [ (2,51 / (Re λ 1/2 )) + (k / d h ) / 3,72 ] (11) . 33 for an air bend and 0. SS 304 stainless steel physical properties are listed in the table below such as density, melting point, specific heat, electrical resistivity, elastic modulus (modulus of elasticity), thermal conductivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). <br/> <br/> I am primarily processing stainless steel, 304 and 316, with a range of thickness. 4 - can be calculated with ASME 31. (10-6 in/ (in oF)) Admiralty Brass. 304/316 is the most common grade of stainless for household cookware. 00, Mn≤2. It has thermal conductivity of 16. K factor represents the useful torque producing the bolt tension, aËout 10% of the total b. 07" 500 (260) . 93 g/cm3, which equals 0. 00, P≤0. Afterwards k-factor is used in CAD. 55-. Experience a 3D walkthrough. The material finds use in applications requiring high strength, paired with corrosion resistance up to 1300 °F (700 °C). 0001, 0. As a guideline the emmisivities below are based on temperature 300 K. The sample was etched in a solution of 10% HCl and 0. Microstructure of the coarse-grained 304 austenitic stainless steel sample strained 10% at −50 °C, indicating both the ε–martensite and α ′-martensite. 93 g/cm3 (0. Using the data as input in our bend allowance calculator, we obtain: An air to air plate exchanger with area 2 m 2 and wall thickness 0. Works exceptionally well when completing repairs where a doubler must exactly fit a Z section on the corners. 28 Steel, Unoxidized 212 (100) . 3) X10-6 m/ (m °C). Choose an option 2000mm x 1000mm (2m x 1m) 2500mm X 1250mm (2. The constant volume law. Transformation of complete α'—martensite was. 2. All stainless steels share a minimum percentage of 10. This table contains typical values of absolute roughness for common construction materials. To perform the calculations, we will need to obtain 4 parameters. For this dose range, the surface roughness factor for 304 SS is significantly higher than for 316 SS. 2" | 5. Bolting torque to develop 50% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0. 5% chromium and usually nickel, and may also. The main difference between type 304/304L and type 316/316L is the addition of 2–3 wt% molybdenum in the latter. AISI 304 – industrially denoted as 18/8, is an austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel. 304 stainless steel: 2–3°. Stainless Steel 304/304L Precision Pipe Fittings Heat Exchanger Tubes Stainless Steel 309S/309H Needle & Guage Valves Steel Bars/Rods & Wire Stainless Steel 310/310S Manifold Valves Fasteners (Nut, Bolt, Washer) Stainless Steel 316/316L Steel Angle Bars Stainless Steel 316Ti Hex Steel Bars304 stainless steel is a type of metal that has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its durability and resistance to corrosion. 188" 0. 304 stainless steel (annealed) 0. k factors are proven within 0. 4. To avoid confusion, the term “alloy” will beSteel Angle for constructtion, For Construction, Size: 20 X 20 X 3 mm. Type 316L stainless steel density is 0. The best single-volume reference on the metallurgy, selection, processing, performance, and evaluation of stainless steels, incorporating essential information culled from across the ASM Handbook series. Datasheet-3: The following table lists 1. tK = tC + 273. 5: Tantalum: 6. 2. 4301 and 1. Stainless Steel 304 & 305 Ulbrich Stainless Steels & Special Metals, Inc. 10/19 schedule 40 steel pipes. 5–1° whereas the same thickness sheet with a ±68 mm bend radius can have springback as much as 30°. 000. The above Table is applicable only for ASTM A320 Grade B8, Class 2 and A193 Grade B8, Class 2 Stud Bolts. 3236. 4301 and 1. Let’s start with 90 degrees bend which is the most simple. This material has been carbide solution treated in the finished condition. Stainless Steel Prices/Nickel Prices. So best would be to ask the shop floor people on what they prefer for K factor w. Notes: 1 g/cm3 = 1 kg/dm3 = 1000 kg/m3; 1 μΩ·m = 1 Ω·mm²/m. 5. The method correcting point-by-point the true stress-strain data in the range of non-uniform deformation by the use of finite element analysis has been introduced for stainless steel [24, 32]. Standard Metric; S-256-X: 2-56. 2. Reply. 304 0,07 1,00 2,00 0,045. 4301). 1. Zapp – Stainless Steel (301, 302, 304, 304L, 305, 309, 310, 310S, 316, 316L, 321, 347, 350, 430, 17-7PH, 18SR) Version Date: January 25, 2011 Page 3 of 8 4. Determination of J -integral and stress intensity factor using the commercial FE software ABAQUS in austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) platesAlloy 304 a T-300 series stainless steel austenitic, which has a minimum of 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Where high strength is required. Ad. Stainless Steel 304 and Stainless Steel 316. This issue can be overcome with annealing. The Cowper. 4 77. 153 Washington Avenue, PO box 294 North Haven, CT USA, 06473-1191 Emergency Number: 203. 1mm using an amada pressbrake. 1 g/m 2 was assembled with a crevice former made of Poly-tetra fluoroethylene (PTFE) to make a test device. Low carbon content means less carbide precipitation in the heat-affected zone during welding and a lower susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. If possible could someone share a copy of their gauge. You just have to insert the characteristics of the sheet metal to be bent. It is essentially non-magnetic when annealed and may become slightly magnetic when cold-worked. Compare 304 stainless steel and titanium alloys for strength, durability, corrosion resistance, heat resistance and cost. 33: K factor:. 9 - 6. 5% chromium. LBS 2350 3900 5750 7850 10500 16700 PROOF LOAD, LBS 3800 6300 17000 27100 TENSILEASME B16. We use . 38 in this temperature range. I read on some site that the range is between 0. 2 W/m-K and a melting point of 2550F (1400C). 316 Stainless SteelType 304L Stainless Steel. 35 . 4: Steel Stainless Austenitic (316) 16. Related DocumentsAs a matter of fact, I am not able to find the difference between friction factors of following materials. Conductive Heat Transfer through a Stainless Steel Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm - temperature difference 80 o C. This metal increases the material resistance to oxidation, and therefore colors are less intense or their formation is delayed. 35. 67. 0μm was between 0. The base material was 304/304 L dual certified stainless steel with dimensions of 152. Thermal conductivities of common metals, metallic elements aand alloys. 4310 stainless steel physical properties, including density, specific heat capacity, electrical resistivity, modulus of elasticity, thermal conductivity, and coefficient of thermal expansion. 03 at 395. Choose an option 2000mm x 1000mm (2m x 1m) 2500mm X 1250mm (2. 304 Stainless Steel Strips: 304 stainless steel strip is the most widely used chromium-nickel stainless steel strip. Shri Krishna Impex. Where the neutral axis is situated in a bend is commonly called the “K-Factor” as it is signified as “K” in the development formulas. The K-factor can also be used to calculate bending allowance and bending deduction. The constant volume law. 4 Btu/ft·h·°F at 212 °F), tensile strength is 515 MPa (75 ksi), yield strength is 205 MPa (30 ksi). L. 304 stainless steel is one of the most popular types of stainless steel. For instance, austenitic stainless steels like AISI 304 and 316 exhibit exceptional corrosion resistance and typically deliver smoother surfaces compared to other. The value of friction factor can be found from moody chart by relative roughness [6]. Resistance to corrosion in oxidizing environments is a result of the 18 to 19% chromium that the 304 alloys contain. The high chromium and medium nickel content make these steels capable for applications in. K-factor (centrifugation), relative pelleting efficiency. 5 percent by weight and a high amount of chromium at approximately 18 to 20 percent by weight. 50 in practical use. Calculate Thermal Pipe Expansion. 115 0. 286 lb/in3), melting point is 1400-1450 °C (2550-2650 °F), thermal conductivity is 16. Once the three tables are in the correct format as above,. For tubing of 304 / 304L stainless steel, replace SS in the ordering number with 304L. We bend lots of stainless, which in terms of hardness, is. copper 0. Steel Cold Rolled 200 (93) . 0. Defining the Neutral Axis To understand the k-factor,. 3 x 10-6 /°C. 304. 3 9. Type 302 stainless steel is basically a higher carbon version of type 304, a variant of 18-8 stainless steel. The main difference between 316 and 304 stainless steel is that 316 contains an increased amount of molybdenum. 0. Assuming you used an inside bend radius smaller than the material thickness, the K-factor (or neutral factor, if you prefer) in our cheesy example would be 0. Take the bend allowance as 2. Grade 330 stainless steel can be welded using GAW techniques. What is austenitic stainless steel? Well, this group consist of themicrostructured andface-centered cubically crystal structured stainless steel. e. K-factor (aeronautics), the number of pulses expected for every one volumetric unit of fluid passing through a given flow meter. Also the notation is important: “Ra ≤ 0. Their chemical composition, mechanical properties, weldability and corrosion/oxidation resistance provide the best all-round performance stainless. Welding of stainless steel SS304 by using optimized parameters resulted in improvement in joint tensile strength and hardness by 10. AISI-304 stainless steel is hard to difficult material. In the process of making stainless steel, alloying elements such as chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), silicon (Si), titanium (Ti), and molybdenum (Mo) are added to improve its performance and make it resistant to corrosion, or rust-free. In both cases, the nickel content is about the same around 8-10%. 45 1. 2 and 2. Now consider that 316 grade stainless steel contains a minimum 2. Jakarta Barat Maju Jaya Packing. Emissivity data are shown in Table VI. After about 4-5 runs our enigneering department and our manufacturing department settled on the . Thermal expansion of pipes and tubes - stainless steel, carbon steel, copper, plastics and more. Because SS304 contains 18% chromium (Cr) and 8% nickel (Ni), it’s also known as 18/8 stainless steel. 3 1. Applications. They are: 1. Stainless steel 304 (EN steel number 1. | High corrosion resistance. Mechanical Properties. Capabilities. 463 0. 4401 and 1. Different substances expand by different amounts. Stainless Steel. 286 lb/in3. 5 (500 ℃) Coefficient of thermal expansion, (10-6 /K) 15. The weight of stainless steel per cubic inch is 0. 5 for standard materials and thicknesses though smaller and larger K-Factors are possible. The austenitic Types 309 and 310, containing. Advantages/Disadvantages. 0015-0. 17-4 PH is more resistant to chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking (SCC) than 304 stainless steel, making it ideal for coastal and marine applications. - carbon steel. Bu Maming says. X 6 CrNiMo 17 12 2. Hardcover. 18. Choose an option Mirror Polished Satin Polished. SAE 304 stainless steel is the most common stainless steel. 5 Bar), the working pressure limit established by Victaulic for Vic-Press for Schedule 10S systems. Davis. 286 lb/in3). A K-Factor will typically range between 0 and . Nature of the grain boundary and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) The grain boundary energy in type 304 stainless steel is known ( Murr 1975) to vary from 20 to 835 mJ/m 2. EN 12201 - Polyethylene (PE) Pipes for Water Supply, and for Drainage and Sewerage under Pressure - Dimensions Dimensions of PE pipes according EN 12201. Its carbon content is ≤0. 200!K, Table 3. Reply. However, 304 stainless steel is more resistant to general corrosion. Examples: 304L-T4-S-035-20 304L-T6M-S-1,5M-6ME 304L-T4-S-065-6ME Pressure ratings of tubing used with Swagelok® tube fittings may be limited by the end connection . Reducer Sanitary Stainless SS 304 4 x 1 1/2 inchi. Molybdenum is also an expensive element, which makes 316 the more expensive grade. The pressure drop calculations. 304/304L) and EN 1. 030″. 063” | 1. 1 (20 ℃) 16. 385 for most bendable aluminum (ie 5052 etc). Inside temperature. picked a sample of The coupled-environmental fracture model (CEFM) for intergranular stress corrosion cracking (IGSCC) of sensitized type 304 stainless steel in light-water reactor (LWR) heat-transport circuits was extended by incorporating steel corrosion, hydrogen oxidation, and hydrogen peroxide reduction in addition to oxygen reduction as charge-transfer reactions occurring on the external surfaces. Emissivity Coefficient. Stainless steel is the generic name for a number of different steels used primarily because of their corrosion resistance. It is the most versatile and most widely used stainless steel available, even though a wide range of alternatives are available; and has excellent forming and welding characteristics. The most common form of 304 stainless steel is 18-8 (18/8) stainless. It can maintain good strength and heat resistance in high temperature and low temperature environments, and also has good corrosion resistance, weldability, cold workability and mechanical properties in the mild atmosphere. 40 stainless steel pipe with temperature 100 o F, allowable stress 16700 psi, quality factor E = 0. Download Table | Generalised shape factor calculation constants for SHS and RHS from publication: Structural stainless steel design: A new approach | Current stainless steel structural design. As the cost of alloys changes daily on the global market, this can have a large impact on the price fluctuations. Steel Stainless Austenitic (304) 17. 51mm ) 0. Alloy 304L a T-300 series stainless steel austenitic, which has a minimum of 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Stainless steel types 1. It is still sometimes referred to by its old name 18/8 which is derived from the nominal composition of type 304 being 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Mathematically k factor value is equal to the ratio of position of neutral axis and sheet thickness. 73 °F: Melting Point: 1673: 1723: K:. 4307 respectively. 2 and Figure 3. Sheared Size. 237) 0. Thermodynamics Work, heat and energy systems. 000. ทนต่อแรงกระแทก – สแตนเลส 304 มีโครงสร้างที่มีความเหนียวที่สูง จึงทนต่อแรงกระแทก จะเหมาะสำหรับงานที่ต้องการความทนทานต่อ. 8 Square Head; Low Head Socket Cap Screws. 4301 and 1. This article discusses the properties and applications of stainless steel grade 304 (UNS S30400). At room temperature, it has the tendency to become brittle, especially when it has been heated for a long time in the 400-600°C (752-1112°F) range. 6mm (24- gauge), weighing about 136 tonnes. 304 Stainless Steel. ASTM A193/A193M B16 2 1/2 & under 125,000 105,000 C35 A chromium-molybdenum-vanadium alloy used for high. Typical uses of 304 stainless steel include sinks, kitchen equipment such as pans, tubing and much more. Its nominal composition is 18% chromium and 8% nickel, so it is also called 18/8 stainless steel. Type 304 is the most versatile and widely used stainless steel. Hal inilah yang membuat Stainless Steel 304 menjadi material stainless yang paling serbaguna dan paling banyak digunakan. More info. 4436) have very similar physical and mechanical properties, but their primary difference remains in their resistance to corrosion in different environments: 304 Stainless Steel. 5% chromium. Stainless steel (SS) is an excellent metal-based material alternative to carbon-based materials as the MFC bioanode due to its outstanding mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and corrosion resistance (e. 4436. 450Electrical resistivity: 72 microhm-cm (20C) Specific Heat: 500 J/kg °K (0-100°C) Thermal conductivity: 16. 351” 0. r. 50 to 0. Stainless steel types 1. 463 0. 379191: 0. 4 Btu/ft·h·°F at 212 °F), yield. It’s so durable that it is often used in engineering applications. 5 in sheet metal design and processing. It has 16-18% chromium and 10-14% nickel, plus molybdenum of 2-3% that provides extra corrosion protection against salt. strain rate for AISI 304. One item of note: The K factor found in the "Machinists Handbook" (Industrial Press Inc. Thickness Minimum Bend Bend Radius Min Flange Min Hole (0. 16. 4462 Corrosion Rate (µA/cm²) Comparison of Generalized Corrosion Resistance in 2M H 2SO 4 BetterBetter corrosion resistance than Type 302. 2 show that Victaulic Vic-Press for Schedule 10S stainless steel fittings and Schedule 10 stainless steel pipe compliant with ASTM A-312 may be used on ASME B31. Abstract. 304 Stainless Sheet offers good corrosion resistance to many chemical corrodents as well as industrial atmospheres and marine environments. Sheet Metal Bending Calculator. For example, for 304 stainless steel, the percentage ranges from 20% to 22%, but for H-series soft aluminum, the range is between 13% and 15%. Stainless Steel: 304ss, 316ss, 410ss. Tube 90 steel stainless bends bend radius dimensions deg long gradeCalculating bend allowance, bend deduction, and k-factor Figure 16-4. Both fasteners are stainless steel. 43 Pounds. Elkay Dayton Stainless Steel 31-7/8″ x 31-7/8″ x 7. Best way to calculate the value of k factor in sheet metal is by reverse engineering. 304 on 304 will gall at low stress (maybe a couple of ksi according to Armco). It is an economical and versatile corrosion resistant alloy suitable for a wide range of general purpose applications. The alloy resists oxidation to 1500°F (816°C) and has higher creep and stress rupture properties than alloys 304 and 304L. 5m) Grade. q / A = [(17 W/(m K)) / (2 10 -3 m)] (80 o C)The K-factor is the most popular way of calculating the bend allowance and bend deduction, but there are multiple ways that this calculation can be done. - stainless steel AISI 304. Low carbon content means less carbide precipitation in the heat-affected zone during welding and a lower susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. Type 304 stainless steel is an austenitic. Microstructural, ferromagnetic and hardness studies were also conducted. THE FORMING POTENTIAL OF STAINLESS STEEL 3 Forming potential Usual finishes suitable for forming: 2B, 2R and. 12 = Torque Applied (Nm) = Tension Generated in Fastener (N) = Nut Nominal olt Diameter (m) = K-Factor K Factor - 3D development Bend Allowance 2D development Min Flange Min Joggle Max Length Min Angle 'X' 0. Clear. , New York) it is the equivalent of the bend allowance and serves the same function. It concludes with a discussion on the Charpy energy correlations for aged stainless steels. Type 304 steel is part of the 3xx stainless steels or those alloys which are blended with chromium and nickel. First, we must start with the k factor: Another way to determine the k factor is by following the “rule of thumb”. Prefix- (S)Steel - (CLS)Stainless Steel. 048". gov Stainless steel is a type of steel that contains less than 2% carbon (C) and more than 2% iron. Type 304 is the most versatile and widely used stainless steel. Type 304 has a maximum carbon of 0. 5% is ideal. Step 5. 4307 are also known as grades 304 and 304L respectively. 4301 316L -1. Snow, T. 1. Bushing for chain belt. deg. 17 found in seemingly identical fasteners here results in a substantial clamp load variation. 10" 1000 (538) . 73: 2641. com Get a Quote: quote@mform. However, continuous use at a temperature between 797-1580 °F can lead to corrosion. The steel contains both chromium (between 18% and 20%) and nickel (between 8% and 10. 5 15 4000 30° 2. stainless steel and another metallic component, not necessarily stainless. . When selecting a stainless steel for any corrosive environment, it is always best to consult with a corrosion engineer and, if possible, conduct tests. 1 ft (foot) = 0. EN 1. vii 19. 9539 0. 5. 18-8 Stainless steel is a type of austenitic stainless steel that contains approximately 18% chromium and 8% nickel. Swagelok 316 stainless steel tube fittings in 1/4 to 1 in. This additive gives 316 very good heat and corrosion resistance. Type 304L Stainless Steel. 0mm R1 12v 0. SS to SS Friction Factor. The weight of stainless steel per cubic inch is 0. 4301 and 1. 304 stainless steel, whereas, other plants with similar equipment and operating conditions use chromium-molybdenum steels with lower alloy contents. 5% chromium content by mass. We bend lots of stainless, which in terms of hardness, is very similar to mild steel (a36/gr50/cq) If I were to start folding, I would use . The corrosion resistance of stainless steels means that the surface characteristics, including frictional properties, are unlikely to be affected in service due to corrosion issues, provided the correct grade has been selected. X 5 CrNiMo 17 13 3. To help you begin I’ve included a K-Factor Chart below which contains common K. INTRODUCTION In 1983, Bogaard [1 ] presented a paper on the thermal conductivity (2) of AISI 304 stainless steel (SS) between 100 and 1707 K. For most materials, the K-factor is a number less than or equal to 0. Essentially non-magnetic, becomes slightly magnetic when cold worked. The quality of welded joints was. The variation of the SRF value. Not resistant to intergranular corrosion. 3 W/m-k (100°C) Modulus of Elasticity (MPa): 193 x 103 in tension. 4016 hot and cold-rolled sheets/plates and strips, semi-finished products, rods, wire, sections and bright products for general purpose. 098 0. Austenitic stainless steel such as type 304 o r 316 is widel y used in nuclear power plants because of its strong corrosio n resistance, excellent welding performance, hig h strength, and o ther. At room temperature, it has the tendency to become brittle, especially when it has been heated for a long time in the 400-600°C (752-1112°F) range. Bushing for chain. 780 NW 185th Ave #304 was built in 2007 and last sold on July 31, 2020 for $220,000. 8 mm bend radius has a springback of 0. 0. Type 304 steel is part of the 3xx stainless steels or those alloys which are blended with chromium and nickel. e. K-Factor - A constant determined by dividing the thickness of the sheet by the location of the neutral axis, which is the part of sheet metal that does not change length. Stainless steel grade 304 is the most commonly used stainless steel. 25% sodium metabisulfite. 7. Grade 310S is a lower carbon version, less prone to embrittlement and sensitisation in service. 410145: BTU/lb. Here we need to discuss: Non-Lubricated Bolts (a. The specimen with a salt deposit of 0. Pull toward one side of the stainless steel sheet toward the score line with your gloved hands to bend the sheet. The K-factor is usually somewhere between 0. Hsu, T. 40 mm 0. 07" 500 (260) . 5656 South Pennsylvania AvenueAISI 301 Stainless Steel (UNS S30100) AISI 301 stainless steel (UNS S30100) is the most susceptible to cold deformation strengthening among conventional austenitic stainless steels. Material Thermal Properties Database. 304 stainless steel (304ss) is the most employed material in the water supply system (WSS), due to its attractive combinations of mechanical properties and corrosion resistance [1, 2]. 94 mm )In order to better understand the role of uranium on the corrosion behavior of stainless in aqueous nuclear fuel reprocessing and decontamination operations, 304L stainless steel coupons were treated with nitric acid media at 45 °C and 90 °C in the presence of 0. Microform Precision, LLC 4244 South Market Court, Suite A Sacramento, CA 95834 Phone: (916) 419-0580 Fax: (916) 419-0577 Email: info@mform. 27 mm ) 0. 15: 640 304 stainless steel (annealed) 0. In applications where aesthetic appearance is important, it is recommended that 3CR12 is painted, or a higher grade should be used. 93 g/cm3 (0. 4301) and stainless steel 316 (EN steel number 1. Stainless steel 304 and 316 are not suitable materials for being in contact with vapor containing the hypochlorite ion, due to the potential development of dry/wet conditions that induce pitting corrosion. But, the machining performance of AISI-304 steel can be improved by utilizing additive elements (copper, phosphorous, sulphur, bismuth, etc). Other stainless Weight & Density of Stainless Steel 304, 316, 304L & 316L. Friction Factor of Stainless Steel Pipes. Stainless steel 304 and 304L are also known as stainless steel 1. Stainless Steel Producers, or any of the member companies represented on the Committee. Tables for pipe roughness and kinematic viscosity are also included. The only 304 stainless steel characterization investigation covering low, intermediate, to high strain rates was conducted by Cadoni et al. 4301: EN Designation: X5CrNi18-10: AISI/SAE: 304: UNS: S30400: Description. 316 stainless steel funnels are more corrosion resistant than 304 stainless steel funnels. Can someone explain how to properly setup and use a k-factor based bend table. The corrosion resistance of grade 304 stainless steel makes it ideal for food processing equipment and surgical instruments. Low carbon content means less carbide precipitation in the heat-affected zone during welding and a lower susceptibility to intergranular corrosion. by：East King 2020-08-30. It has excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion after exposure to temperatures in the chromium carbide precipitation range of 800–1500°F (427– 816°C). 27K Factor in sheet metal bending is a constant used to calculate sheet metal flat length or Flat-pattern. . 2 W/m·K at 100 °C (9. 5 min read If you're working with sheet metal, you are very likely to add a bend to your part. Nature of the grain boundary and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) The grain boundary energy in type 304 stainless steel is known ( Murr 1975) to vary from 20 to 835 mJ/m 2. - stainless steel AISI 321 (by the way, is there an effective difference between friction factor of steels ?) - aluminum. This has been attributed to the nature of the grain boundary or the misorientation angle (proximity to low coincident site lattice – CSL). Temperature Range. Actually there are over 50 stainless steel alloys. Naturally, the latter materials will not last as long as the former, but that is part of the design plan for those plants; i.